Roman Republics 3 Branches of Government

From the Founding of Rome in about 753 BCE until 509 BCE, Rome  was a monarchy, ruled by kings. In 509 (or so), the Romans expelled their Etruscan kings and established the Roman Republic. Having witnessed the problems of the monarchy on their own land, and oligarchy and democracy among the Greeks, the Romans opted for a mixed constitution, which kept elements of all three types of government. Consuls: the Monarchical Branch Two magistrates called consuls carried on the functions of the former kings, holding supreme civil and military authority in Republican Rome. However, unlike the kings, the office of consul lasted for only one year. At the end of their year in office, the ex-consuls became senators for life, unless ousted by the censors. Powers of the Consuls: Consuls held imperium and had the right to 12 lictores (bodyguards) each.Each consul could veto the other.They led the army,Served as judges, andRepresented Rome in foreign affairs.Consuls presided over the assembly known as comitia centuriata. Consulship Safeguards The 1-year term, veto, and co-consulship were safeguards to prevent one of the consuls from wielding too much power. In emergencies such as times of war a single dictator could be appointed for a six-month term. Senate: the Aristocratic Branch Senate (senatus council of elders, related to the word senior) was the advisory branch of the Roman government, early on composed of about 300 citizens who served for life. They were chosen by the kings, at first, then by the consuls, and by the end of the 4th century, by the censors. The ranks of the Senate, drawn from ex-consuls and other officers. Property requirements changed with the era. At first, senators were only patricians but in time plebeians joined their ranks. Assembly: the Democratic Branch The Assembly of Centuries (comitia centuriata), which was composed of all members of the army, elected consuls annually. The Assembly of Tribes (comitia tributa), composed of all citizens, approved or rejected laws and decided issues of war and peace. Dictators Sometimes dictators were at the head of the Roman Republic. Between 501–202 BCE there were 85 such appointments. Normally, dictators served for six months and acted with the consent of the Senate. They were appointed by the consul or a military tribune with consular powers. The occasions of their appointment included war, sedition, pestilence, and sometimes for religious reasons. Dictator for Life In 82 BCE, after several battles and rebellions amounting to a civil war, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Sulla, 138–79 BCE) named himself dictator for as long as necessary—the first in 120 years. He stepped down in 79. In 45 BCE, the politician Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) was officially appointed dictator in perpetuo meaning that there was no set end point to his dominance; but he was assassinated on the Ides of March, 44 BCE. While Caesars death did not mean the end of the Roman Republic, the Gracci Brothers brought several reforms to the country, in the process starting a revolution. The Republic fell in 30 BCE. Sources and Further Information Kaplan, Arthur. Religious Dictators of the Roman Republic. The Classical World 67.3 (1973–1974):172–175.Lintott, Andrew. The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford UK: Clarendon Press, 1999.Mouritsen, Henrik. Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.  Pennell, Robert Franklin. Ancient Rome: From the Earliest Times Down to 476 A.D. Eds. Bonnett, Lynn, Teresa Thomason, and David Widger. Project Guttenburg, 2013.

Communication Apprehension And Learning Styles - 1837 Words

I, am a very private person, as well as a student. As students we are faced with the ever present threat of teachers who call on us even when our heads are down taking notes and our hands are not raised. As a student and a very private person I have come to detest these occurrences. However while doing some research I came across an article written by Dr. Travis L. Russ professor of Communications and Media Management at Fordham University in New York about communication apprehension and learning styles. In this article Dr. Russ says that there is a coloration between people with high communication apprehension and learning better from reflective work and thinking, while people with a lower amount of communication apprehension prefer to do direct experiments (Russ, 2012). When I share things that I am thinking there is usually a long pause in between the questions asked and my answer, which is caused by me making sure that what I say is not especially revealing towards my inner th oughts. When I was in Advanced Public Speaking the hardest presentation for me to give was the speech of introduction. I hate doing those even if I am just sitting down at a desk posting a recording of it I still get extremely anxious over what I have said, â€Å"what if I offend someone?† â€Å"did that sound too harsh?† â€Å"I hope they don’t think I’m weird.† These things are a constant when I am preparing to talk about myself. I believe that by looking at Social Penetration Theory we can betterShow MoreRelatedSpeech Apprehension1463 Words   |  6 PagesSpeech Apprehension Introduction Speaking in front of a group is not always an easy task for the student or layperson. 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Westpac Bank Issue In Australia

Question: Discuss about theWestpac Bank Issue In Australia. Answer: Introduction: Westpac is one of the largest banks of Australia with its headquarters at Westpac Place, Sydney. As per 2015 statistics the bank had developed the largest number of branches i.e. 1429 and had a customer base of 13.1 million. Asset wise the said bank is the second largest in Australia and is 35 years old. The banks main business is divided into five main divisions namely consumer banking, commercial and business banking, Westpac Institutional Bank, BT Financial group and Westpac New Zealand. Thus as the name suggests of the various divisions, it is very evident that the bank serves many purposes such as fulfilling banking needs of the various retail segment customers, serves the industrial segment by providing them financial assistance, providing products such as superannuation and retirement benefit plans, acting as a broking firm, margin lending and investment banking and last but not the least it also serves people in New Zealand so much that it is the second largest bank there. Every bank is under regulatory norms which it is to follow depending upon the country in which it is situated. Westpac is headquartered in Australia and hence is to follow the laws applicable strictly. Non-adherence to the same may put the bank in a very sorry position. Five principle agencies rule over all the banks situated in Australia. They are : The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) : This regulation is basically applicable for banks and financial institutions who take deposits from the public, insurance companies and superannuation companies. The authority issues capital adequacy norms to the banks and these institutions on a timely basis which are in ine to the Basel II guidelines spelt out. Thus they are to obtain licenses based on the kind of business activity they undergo in Australia from the Corporation or Commonwealth or State legislations. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) : This institute basically acts as a banker to the government of Australia, issues currencies in the market and spells out monetary policies time to time upon the banks which ensures that stability and safety is assured. This also acts as a tool to safeguard the money of the general public. The Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) : This is the only regulatory firm which is responsible for the applicability of the various laws related to the finances thus enabling to spell out rules which would safeguard the rights of the customers . It ensures that all work is being performed legally and fairly. The Australian Securities Exchange (ASX): This is basically for companies which are lastly in the stock exchange which also includes banks which are listed. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC): This corporation was formed basically to ensure that the competition is not wiped off totally from the market by hauling over activities which are unfair and would lead to undue monopoly. Thus it ensures fair trade practices (Info.westpac.com. 2008). Another very important law under which Australian Banks are bound by is the Anti Money Laundering and Counter Terrorism Financing Act 2006 due to the increase in the terrorism. It is the duty of all banks to monitor the transactions of customers who seem to be suspicious and report periodically to AUSTRAC of any such transactions so as to keep a check on terrorist activities and help the world to fight the same. Westpac is also governed by all these acts, regulations and laws and is to adhere to all these strictly without deviations. However in the year 2012 Westpac had accidently attached a Malaysian Teenagers account to an unlimited overdraft account of 4.6 million Australian Dollars (Sydney Morning Herald 2016). The girl ended up spending more than $3.3 million in less than a year. However the arrest was made after four long years of such a grave mistake when the said overdraft was used by her in a span of just 11 months. Thus even though the lady was at fault of using the money which did not belong to her and that as soon as she was made aware of such a transaction she should have intimated the bank, yet the banking authorities are also at fault. This mistake had occurred in 2012 and the said overdraft was utilized by her in 2014 i.e. after 2 years from the date of mistake (Koulouris, 2016). Also the said account was opened in 2012 but due to some fraud which led to mis-utilization of her account the bank put her account in PCO Status and Manager321 Status which meant that her transactions were frozen and her account was not monitored by the opening branch. However the same PCO status was removed after investigations were over but the branch tagging was missed out mistakenly because of which her account was not being monitored frequently by the branch. Thus she ended up using the money for her luxuries (Complex Australia. 2016). However the bank had not conducted its duty in a diligent manner and a mistake like this ended up losing money of others. The only resort that the bank has the terms and conditions which it got signed by her which mentions she is not to overdraw her account and if any error is noticed by her from the banks side, the same is to be informed immediately. Unfortunately the teenager did not do so and ended up spending the money for her luxuries which has led to her arrest (News.com.au. 2016). The bank should charge the employee for negligence but at the same time it should be more careful so as to ensure non-occurrence of such a mistake again in future as the amount is huge. Also the customers should not use money that do not belong to them and notify about any mistake immediately so as to safeguard oneself from such legal claims. This also covers the bank under the anti money laundering act (Olding, 2016). References: Complex Australia. (2016). Dollar and Sense : Crunching the Numbers on Christine Lees Couture Crime Spree. Retrieved from https://au.complex.com/style/2016/05/dollars-sense-the-numbers-on-christine-jia-xin-lee-couture-crime-spree/ Info.westpac.com.,( 2008). Introduction on Westpac. Retrieved from https://info.westpac.com.au/annualreport2008/default.aspx?PID=150 Koulouris, C. (2016). The deceit of Christine Jia Xin Lee: How she played Westpac. Retrieved from https://scallywagandvagabond.com/2016/05/christine-jia-xin-lee-4-6-milion-westpac-overdraft/ News.com.au. (2016). Christine Lee allegedly moved $5000 a day into secret accounts to take advantage of a Westpac Glitch. Retrieved from https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/crime/christine-lee-allegedly-moved-5000-a-day-into-secret-accounts-to-take-advantage-of-a-westpac-glitch/news-story/2a4f3be1d30396efc28a32efd55b9509 Olding, R. (2016). The simple Westpac banking error that gave Christine Jia Xin Lee $4.6 Million. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-simple-westpac-banking-error-that-gave-christine-jia-xin-lee-46-million-20160520-gozv5q.html Sydney Morning Herald. (2016). Westpac admits simple mistake gave Christine Jia Xin Lee a $5 m overdraft. Retrieved from https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/world/80263909/Westpac-admits-simple-mistake-gave-Christine-Jia-Xin-Lee-a-5m-overdraft